![]() ![]() For example, experiments asking speakers of various languages to rate the naturalness of or pronounce forms containing non-native clusters show that universal markedness constraints involving sonority predict accuracy on such tasks. Recent research on sonority has revived a debate about its innateness. However, while generalizations of this kind are strong, some have counterexamples, raising questions about the adequacy of sonority and how to encode it grammatically. These observations have led to implicatures such as lower sonority nuclei entailing the existence of nuclei from all higher sonority classes in a particular language. Furthermore, the propensity for a segment to pattern as moraic is proportional to its sonority. Thus onsets prototypically contain an obstruent plus an approximant. A primary function of sonority is to linearize segments within syllables: more sonorous sounds tend to occur more closely to the peak. The phonetic basis of sonority is contentious it is roughly but imperfectly correlated with loudness. ![]() Many versions of the sonority hierarchy exist a common one is vowels > glides > liquids > nasals > obstruents. # Natural Language Toolkit: Tokenizers # Copyright (C) 2001-2022 NLTK Project # Author: Christopher Hench # Alex Estes # URL: # For license information, see LICENSE.TXT """ The Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) is a language agnostic algorithm proposed by Otto Jesperson in 1904.Sonority is a nonbinary phonological feature categorizing sounds into a relative scale. The sonorous quality of a phoneme is judged by the openness of the lips. Syllable breaks occur before troughs in sonority. The default implementation uses the English alphabet, but the `sonority_hiearchy` can be modified to IPA or any other alphabet for the use-case. The SSP is a universal syllabification algorithm, but that does not mean it performs equally across languages. (2009) is a good benchmark for English accuracy if utilizing IPA (pg. Importantly, if a custom hierarchy is supplied and vowels span across more than one level, they should be given separately to the `vowels` class attribute. On the major class features and syllable theory. """ import re import warnings from string import punctuation from import TokenizerI from nltk.util import ngrams In Aronoff & Oehrle (eds.) Language Sound Structure: Studies in Phonology. def tokenize ( self, token ): """ Apply the SSP to return a list of syllables. Note: Sentence/text has to be tokenized first. 1 Sonority, moraicity and the sonority hierarchy in OT. :param token: Single word or token :type token: str :return syllable_list: Single word or token broken up into syllables. In (1) on the handout, we see a sonority hierarchy of the sort proposed by Clements (1990), where principal divisions are determined by major class features. :rtype: list(str) """ # assign values from hierarchy syllables_values = self. assign_values ( token ) # if only one vowel return word if sum ( token. vowels ) = focal_value = next_value : syllable += focal_phoneme syllable_list. append ( syllable ) syllable = "" elif prev_value > focal_value < next_value : syllable_list. Append ( syllable ) syllable = "" syllable += focal_phoneme # no syllable break else : syllable += focal_phoneme syllable += syllables_values # append last phoneme syllable_list. ![]()
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